Signal Transduction

AP Biology· difficulty 3/5

Many signaling pathways release Ca²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum via

A
$ATP synthase complexes$
B
$IP₃-gated calcium channels$
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C
$Aquaporin water channels$
D
$Voltage-gated sodium channels$

Explanation

PLC cleaves PIP₂ \to DAG + IP₃. IP₃ binds and opens ER channels, releasing Ca²⁺ into the cytosol as a second messenger.

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