A researcher mails surveys about household income to 1,000 randomly chosen households. Only 240 surveys are returned. The researcher reports the average income of returned surveys as the estimate for the population.
Which type of bias is the most serious concern here?
- A
Response bias
- B
Voluntary response bias
- Ccheck_circle
Nonresponse bias
- D
Undercoverage bias
Explanation
Selected individuals failed to respond, and respondents may differ systematically from non-respondents (especially on a sensitive topic like income). This is nonresponse bias.