Potential Problems with Sampling

AP Statistics· difficulty 4/5

A radio show invites listeners to call in their views on a tax proposal. The biggest threat to validity here is

  • A

    Sampling error from too small a sample

  • B

    Random measurement error

  • C

    Voluntary-response bias — opinionated listeners self-select

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  • D

    Confounding by tax bracket

Explanation

Voluntary-response samples overrepresent strongly opinionated individuals. No randomization → systematic bias, not just sampling variability.

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