Which sampling method was used?

Answer: Convenience sample Selecting people who happen to be available is a convenience sample. It is highly likely to be biased because morning coffee-shop pedestrians are not representative of all downtown residents.

Which type of bias is most evident?

Answer: Response bias due to question wording The leading, emotionally charged wording pushes respondents toward "yes." This is response bias caused by biased question wording.

The largest source of bias is

Answer: Voluntary response bias Visitors self-select to participate; those with stronger views are more likely to vote. This is voluntary response bias.

AP Statistics · Topic 3.4

Potential Problems with Sampling Practice

Part of Collecting Data.(DAT-2.C)

Practice questions

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Sample questions

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Sample 1difficulty 1/5
$A reporter standing outside a downtown coffee shop interviews the first 30 people who walk by between 8 AM and 9 AM about their views on a proposed city tax increase. The reporter then writes that "downtown residents overwhelmingly oppose the tax."$
$Which sampling method was used?$
- A
  $Convenience sample$
  check_circle
- B
  $Cluster sample$
- C
  $Simple random sample$
- D
  $Stratified sample$
Why
$Selecting people who happen to be available is a convenience sample. It is highly likely to be biased because morning coffee-shop pedestrians are not representative of all downtown residents.$
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Sample 2difficulty 1/5
$A pollster asks: "Don't you agree that the wasteful and irresponsible city council should be replaced in the next election?" Of those surveyed, 71% said yes.$
$Which type of bias is most evident?$
- A
  $Selection bias$
- B
  $Undercoverage$
- C
  $Nonresponse bias$
- D
  $Response bias due to question wording$
  check_circle
Why
$The leading, emotionally charged wording pushes respondents toward "yes." This is response bias caused by biased question wording.$
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Sample 3difficulty 1/5
$A website asks visitors to click "agree" or "disagree" on a controversial statement. Of 8,000 voters, 72% agreed.$
$The largest source of bias is$
- A
  $Voluntary response bias$
  check_circle
- B
  $Undercoverage$
- C
  $Sampling variability$
- D
  $Response bias$
Why
$Visitors self-select to participate; those with stronger views are more likely to vote. This is voluntary response bias.$
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Sample 4difficulty 1/5
$A student conducting a survey on screen time stands at the entrance of the school library after school and asks the first 25 students who enter how many hours per day they spend on screens.$
$Which kind of bias is most likely?$
- A
  $Response bias from wording$
- B
  $Hawthorne effect$
- C
  $Selection bias from a convenience sample$
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- D
  $Nonresponse bias$
Why
$Library-goers are not representative of all students - they may differ in screen time habits. This is selection bias inherent to convenience samples.$
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Sample 5difficulty 1/5
$A researcher mails surveys about household income to 1,000 randomly chosen households. Only 240 surveys are returned. The researcher reports the average income of returned surveys as the estimate for the population.$
$Which type of bias is the most serious concern here?$
- A
  $Response bias$
- B
  $Voluntary response bias$
- C
  $Nonresponse bias$
  check_circle
- D
  $Undercoverage bias$
Why
$Selected individuals failed to respond, and respondents may differ systematically from non-respondents (especially on a sensitive topic like income). This is nonresponse bias.$
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