Standardized residual = (O − E)/√E. A large positive value indicates

Cell observed much more than expected Positive = O E; cell drives the χ² upward.

Cell observed much less than expected

Cell observed much more than expected

Carrying Out a Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity or Independence

AP Statistics· difficulty 4/5

Standardized residual = (O - E)/\sqrtE. A large positive value indicates

Explanation

Positive = O > E; cell drives the χ² upward.

Want 10 more like this — adaptive to your weak spots?