In a classic study by Godden and Baddeley, scuba divers learned a list of 40 words either on land or 10 feet underwater. Later, divers were tested on recall either in the same environment where they learned the list or the opposite environment. Recall was significantly better when divers were tested in the same environment in which they had learned the words, regardless of whether that was on land or underwater.
A follow-up study showed participants who learned material while caffeinated recalled it best when caffeinated again. This finding illustrates:
- A
Retroactive interference
- B
Source amnesia
- Ccheck_circle
State-dependent memory
- D
Context-dependent memory
Explanation
State-dependent memory occurs when recall is best in the same internal state (e.g., drug, mood) as during encoding. Context-dependent memory involves external environment, not internal state.