Phylogeny

AP Biology· difficulty 2/5

Reptiles Lizards Snakes Crocs Birds "Reptiles" (excluding birds)

Why is the traditional grouping "Reptilia" (which excludes birds) considered paraphyletic?

  • A

    It includes only superficially similar species without common ancestry

  • B

    It is missing a common ancestor

  • C

    It includes a common ancestor but excludes some of its descendants (birds)

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  • D

    It includes more than one common ancestor

Explanation

A paraphyletic group includes a common ancestor and SOME but not all of its descendants. Birds descend from within reptiles; excluding birds while including their reptilian relatives makes "Reptilia" paraphyletic.

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