Based on Harlow's original findings, the infant monkeys most likely:

Answer: Spend most time on the cloth mother and flee to her when frightened Harlow showed contact comfort, not feeding, drove attachment: infants clung to the cloth mother and used her as a safe haven when frightened.

Aaliyah's behavior most directly reflects which Eriksonian conflict?

Answer: Identity vs. role confusion The central task of adolescence in Erikson's theory is forming a coherent sense of self by exploring roles, values, and beliefs. The exploration and instability Aaliyah shows is typical of identity formation.

Mira's pattern of behavior most clearly indicates which attachment style?

Answer: Secure Secure infants use the caregiver as a safe base, show mild distress at separation, and are easily comforted upon reunion. Resistant infants are clingy and hard to soothe; avoidant infants ignore the caregiver; disorganized infants show contradictory behaviors.

AP Psychology · Topic 3.6

Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan Practice

Part of Development and Learning.

Practice questions

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Sample questions

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Sample 1difficulty 1/5
$In a contemporary replication of Harlow's surrogate-mother paradigm, infant macaques are housed with two artificial mothers: a wire frame dispensing milk and a cloth-covered frame providing no food. Researchers record clinging time, and they introduce a startling mechanical spider to assess where the infant flees.$
$Based on Harlow's original findings, the infant monkeys most likely:$
- A
  $Spend most time on the wire mother because she provides nourishment$
- B
  $Avoid both mothers in favor of solitary exploration$
- C
  $Spend most time on the cloth mother and flee to her when frightened$
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- D
  $Show no preference between mothers$
Why
$Harlow showed contact comfort, not feeding, drove attachment: infants clung to the cloth mother and used her as a safe haven when frightened.$
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Sample 2difficulty 2/5
$Sixteen-year-old Aaliyah experiments with different friend groups, considers several possible majors, tries out a religious community her family does not belong to, and asks her parents many questions about who she "really" is. Her parents notice that her values and goals shift several times during the year.$
$Aaliyah's behavior most directly reflects which Eriksonian conflict?$
- A
  $Identity vs. role confusion$
  check_circle
- B
  $Industry vs. inferiority$
- C
  $Intimacy vs. isolation$
- D
  $Generativity vs. stagnation$
Why
$The central task of adolescence in Erikson's theory is forming a coherent sense of self by exploring roles, values, and beliefs. The exploration and instability Aaliyah shows is typical of identity formation.$
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Sample 3difficulty 2/5
$In a Strange Situation procedure, 12-month-old Mira plays comfortably while her caregiver is present, becomes mildly distressed when the caregiver leaves, and quickly settles and returns to play when the caregiver returns. A second infant, Theo, ignores the caregiver throughout and shows little reaction to separation or reunion.$
$Mira's pattern of behavior most clearly indicates which attachment style?$
- A
  $Disorganized$
- B
  $Anxious-resistant (ambivalent)$
- C
  $Avoidant$
- D
  $Secure$
  check_circle
Why
$Secure infants use the caregiver as a safe base, show mild distress at separation, and are easily comforted upon reunion. Resistant infants are clingy and hard to soothe; avoidant infants ignore the caregiver; disorganized infants show contradictory behaviors.$
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Sample 4difficulty 2/5
$In a contemporary replication of Harlow's surrogate-mother paradigm, infant macaques are housed with two artificial mothers: a wire frame dispensing milk and a cloth-covered frame providing no food. Researchers record clinging time, and they introduce a startling mechanical spider to assess where the infant flees.$
$When the cloth mother is present, infants explore a novel toy more often than when she is absent. This pattern best illustrates:$
- A
  $Use of an attachment figure as a secure base for exploration$
  check_circle
- B
  $Object permanence$
- C
  $Stranger anxiety$
- D
  $Imprinting in the Lorenz sense$
Why
$Bowlby and Ainsworth describe attachment figures as a 'secure base' that supports exploration—exactly what Harlow's monkeys demonstrated with the cloth surrogate.$
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Sample 5difficulty 2/5
$Lorenz-style researchers expose newly hatched goslings to a moving red ball during their first 18 hours of life. The goslings then follow the ball as if it were their mother. Goslings first exposed at 36 hours fail to imprint on any object thereafter. A parallel group of newborn ducklings exposed only to recorded human speech does not begin treating it as a mother call.$
$The 18- versus 36-hour difference primarily illustrates:$
- A
  $Vicarious learning$
- B
  $Operant shaping of attachment$
- C
  $A critical period for imprinting$
  check_circle
- D
  $Object permanence$
Why
$Lorenz showed imprinting occurs only within a narrow critical period after hatching; outside it, imprinting cannot be acquired.$
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