"I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever." — Chief Joseph, Surrender Speech, 1877
The decade following this surrender saw federal policy pivot toward
- A
Reservation expansion under treaty councils
- B
Recognition of tribal sovereignty in courts
- C
Withdrawal of the army from the West
- Dcheck_circle
Forced assimilation through the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act
Explanation
Dawes broke up communal landholdings into 160-acre individual allotments, aiming to dissolve tribal identities through private property.