"He instructed the Indians... that the God of the Spaniards was no good, being made of rotten wood, and that the God of the Indians was very strong... He commanded that they break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity, and that they burn the temples." — Declaration of Pedro Naranjo to Spanish authorities, recounting the teachings of Po'pay during the Pueblo Revolt (1681)
Which Spanish colonial practices most directly fueled the grievances behind the revolt?
- A
Mass deportation of Pueblos to Cuban sugar plantations
- B
The replacement of Pueblo elders by appointed Anglican vicars
- Ccheck_circle
Forced labor under the encomienda system and suppression of Pueblo religious ceremonies
- D
Heavy import tariffs on Pueblo-produced silver
Explanation
Pueblo communities suffered from labor demands, tribute, and Franciscan attacks on kachina ceremonies. Drought and disease intensified these resentments, leading to the revolt that Po'pay coordinated.