Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

AP US History· difficulty 3/5

"He instructed the Indians... that the God of the Spaniards was no good, being made of rotten wood, and that the God of the Indians was very strong... He commanded that they break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity, and that they burn the temples." — Declaration of Pedro Naranjo to Spanish authorities, recounting the teachings of Po'pay during the Pueblo Revolt (1681)

According to this Spanish-recorded testimony, Po'pay urged the Pueblos to:

  • A

    Reject Spanish Catholicism and restore traditional Pueblo religious practice

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  • B

    Convert peacefully to Catholicism while preserving Pueblo languages

  • C

    Form a permanent military alliance with French traders from Louisiana

  • D

    Migrate eastward to join the Comanche on the Great Plains

Explanation

The testimony depicts Po'pay calling for the destruction of Christian objects and a return to indigenous worship — central goals of the 1680 revolt that drove the Spanish from New Mexico.

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