Game theorists have long modeled competition as a zero-sum interaction in which one player's gain must equal another's loss. Cooperative behaviors observed in nature, such as alliance formation among chimpanzees and food-sharing among vampire bats, would seem to defy this logic. ______ , evolutionary biologists have shown that under repeated interactions among the same individuals, mutual cooperation can produce higher long-term payoffs than defection, reconciling the apparent paradox.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
- A
Granted
- B
Even so
- C
Specifically
- Dcheck_circle
However
Explanation
The third sentence resolves the apparent contradiction set up by the second—a contrast that turns out to dissolve the puzzle. "However" signals this turn. "Specifically" introduces a sub-detail rather than resolving paradox; the concession words do not fit.