Researchers find that countries with more cell phones per capita have higher life expectancy. Which is a plausible explanation NOT supported by causation alone?
- A
Life expectancy causes phone ownership.
- B
Cell phones directly extend life.
- C
Phones are unrelated to life expectancy.
- Dcheck_circle
Wealthier countries have both more phones and better healthcare.
Explanation
A confounding variable (national wealth/development) likely drives both — correlation does not imply direct causation.