The telegram was decrypted and shared with Washington by

Answer: British naval intelligence (Room 40) British codebreakers in Room 40 intercepted and decoded the cable, then carefully shared it with the U.S. while concealing how they had obtained German diplomatic traffic.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the "reservationists" objected to the Treaty primarily because

Answer: Article X of the League Covenant might commit U.S. forces without congressional approval Lodge's reservations centered on protecting U.S. sovereignty—particularly congressional war powers under Article X—rather than on Article 231 itself.

Which factor most directly explains the Senate's rejection of the treaty?

Answer: Senator Henry Cabot Lodge's objections to Article X, which he argued infringed on Congress's war power, plus Wilson's refusal to compromise. Lodge led "reservationists" demanding amendments, especially to Article X (collective security). Irreconcilables opposed any League membership. Wilson, weakened by a stroke, refused compromise; the treaty fell short of two-thirds approval.

AP US History · Topic 7.5

World War I: Military and Diplomacy Practice

Part of Period 7: 1890–1945.

Practice questions

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Sample questions

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Sample 1difficulty 3/5
$"We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona." — Zimmermann Telegram (January 1917)$
$The telegram was decrypted and shared with Washington by$
- A
  $British naval intelligence (Room 40)$
  check_circle
- B
  $American Pinkerton detectives$
- C
  $the French Deuxième Bureau$
- D
  $the Russian Okhrana$
Why
$British codebreakers in Room 40 intercepted and decoded the cable, then carefully shared it with the U.S. while concealing how they had obtained German diplomatic traffic.$
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Sample 2difficulty 3/5
$"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." — Treaty of Versailles, Article 231 (1919)$
$Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the "reservationists" objected to the Treaty primarily because$
- A
  $it failed to annex German colonies for the United States$
- B
  $the war-guilt clause was too lenient on Germany$
- C
  $Article X of the League Covenant might commit U.S. forces without congressional approval$
  check_circle
- D
  $it imposed an international income tax$
Why
$Lodge's reservations centered on protecting U.S. sovereignty—particularly congressional war powers under Article X—rather than on Article 231 itself.$
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Sample 3difficulty 3/5
$Which factor most directly explains the Senate's rejection of the treaty?$
- A
  $Wilson's decision to revise the treaty before sending it to the Senate.$
- B
  $The Republican Party's unanimous support for joining the League.$
- C
  $Senator Henry Cabot Lodge's objections to Article X, which he argued infringed on Congress's war power, plus Wilson's refusal to compromise.$
  check_circle
- D
  $Public opinion overwhelmingly favored joining the League of Nations.$
Why
$Lodge led "reservationists" demanding amendments, especially to Article X (collective security). Irreconcilables opposed any League membership. Wilson, weakened by a stroke, refused compromise; the treaty fell short of two-thirds approval.$
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Sample 4difficulty 3/5
$"We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona." — Zimmermann Telegram (January 1917)$
$The territories Germany offered Mexico had been lost in$
- A
  $the Spanish-American War of 1898$
- B
  $the Gadsden Purchase of 1853$
- C
  $the Mexican Revolution of 1910$
- D
  $the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848$
  check_circle
Why
$Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona were ceded under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848); the offer played on long-standing Mexican grievances.$
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Sample 5difficulty 3/5
$The U.S. entered WWI (1917) after$
- A
  $German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram$
  check_circle
- B
  $A formal British ultimatum demanding immediate U.S. military entry$
- C
  $A direct German naval attack on Pearl Harbor and the Hawaiian Islands$
- D
  $The Russian Revolution prompting U.S. intervention against the Bolsheviks$
Why
$Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and proposal to ally with Mexico (Zimmermann Telegram) pushed the U.S. in.$
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