A social learning theorist would attribute the children's strong stereotypes primarily to:

Answer: Observational learning and differential reinforcement of gender-typed behavior Bandura's social cognitive theory attributes gender-typed cognition to modeling, imitation, and selective reinforcement by parents, peers, and media.

Researchers also find that 8-year-olds, unlike 5-year-olds, recognize that a boy putting on a dress is still a boy. This shift represents:

Answer: The development of gender constancy Gender constancy—the understanding that one's gender remains stable across superficial appearance changes—typically emerges around age 6-7, in line with Kohlberg's account.

These memory distortions best illustrate:

Answer: Assimilation of new information into existing gender schemas Gender schema theory predicts schema-inconsistent information is reshaped to fit existing gender categories—precisely the distortion observed.

AP Psychology · Topic 3.3

Gender and Sexual Orientation Practice

Part of Development and Learning.

Practice questions

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Sample questions

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Sample 1difficulty 2/5
$Bem-style researchers show 5- and 8-year-olds pictures of gender-stereotyped (a girl baking) and counter-stereotyped (a boy baking) activities. A week later, children are asked to recall what they saw. Both age groups recall stereotyped images accurately but distort counter-stereotyped images—often "remembering" that the boy was a girl.$
$A social learning theorist would attribute the children's strong stereotypes primarily to:$
- A
  $Innate hormonal differences in cognition$
- B
  $Postconventional moral reasoning$
- C
  $Observational learning and differential reinforcement of gender-typed behavior$
  check_circle
- D
  $An inborn gender schema present at birth$
Why
$Bandura's social cognitive theory attributes gender-typed cognition to modeling, imitation, and selective reinforcement by parents, peers, and media.$
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Sample 2difficulty 3/5
$Bem-style researchers show 5- and 8-year-olds pictures of gender-stereotyped (a girl baking) and counter-stereotyped (a boy baking) activities. A week later, children are asked to recall what they saw. Both age groups recall stereotyped images accurately but distort counter-stereotyped images—often "remembering" that the boy was a girl.$
$Researchers also find that 8-year-olds, unlike 5-year-olds, recognize that a boy putting on a dress is still a boy. This shift represents:$
- A
  $The Electra complex$
- B
  $An androgynous gender schema$
- C
  $The development of gender constancy$
  check_circle
- D
  $The onset of gender identity$
Why
$Gender constancy—the understanding that one's gender remains stable across superficial appearance changes—typically emerges around age 6-7, in line with Kohlberg's account.$
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Sample 3difficulty 3/5
$Bem-style researchers show 5- and 8-year-olds pictures of gender-stereotyped (a girl baking) and counter-stereotyped (a boy baking) activities. A week later, children are asked to recall what they saw. Both age groups recall stereotyped images accurately but distort counter-stereotyped images—often "remembering" that the boy was a girl.$
$These memory distortions best illustrate:$
- A
  $Operant reinforcement of stereotyped behavior$
- B
  $A failure of working memory capacity$
- C
  $Sensorimotor object permanence$
- D
  $Assimilation of new information into existing gender schemas$
  check_circle
Why
$Gender schema theory predicts schema-inconsistent information is reshaped to fit existing gender categories—precisely the distortion observed.$
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