The first group's strategy is best classified as:

Answer: An algorithm, a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution An algorithm exhaustively tests possibilities and is guaranteed to find a solution, but can be slow. The second group used a heuristic—a faster shortcut that does not guarantee success.

The Stroop effect demonstrates that

Answer: Naming the ink color is slowed when the word names a different color Reading is automatic; competing word and color slow response time.

Answer: The best example of a category A robin is a more prototypical bird than a penguin.

AP Psychology · Topic 2.2

Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making Practice

Part of Cognition.

Practice questions

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Sample questions

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Sample 1difficulty 2/5
$In a study, researchers gave participants the anagram "EAPNTLOH" and asked them to find the hidden word. One group was told to systematically test every possible letter arrangement until a word emerged. A second group was told to focus first on common English letter pairs (such as "th" and "ph") and to start consonants and vowels in plausible patterns. Members of the second group typically solved the puzzle in less than half the time.$
$The first group's strategy is best classified as:$
- A
  $A heuristic, a mental shortcut that may sacrifice accuracy for speed$
- B
  $An algorithm, a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution$
  check_circle
- C
  $An insight, a sudden grasp of the solution$
- D
  $Functional fixedness, a barrier to problem solving$
Why
$An algorithm exhaustively tests possibilities and is guaranteed to find a solution, but can be slow. The second group used a heuristic—a faster shortcut that does not guarantee success.$
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Sample 2difficulty 3/5
$The Stroop effect demonstrates that$
- A
  $Practice fully eliminates interference between word and color$
- B
  $Reading speed increases when word and color are congruent$
- C
  $Naming the ink color is slowed when the word names a different color$
  check_circle
- D
  $Color perception always precedes lexical word recognition$
Why
$Reading is automatic; competing word and color slow response time.$
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Sample 3difficulty 3/5
$A prototype is$
- A
  $The best example of a category$
  check_circle
- B
  $An unusual instance of a category$
- C
  $Reduced response after repeat exposure$
- D
  $A wrong response on a sorting task$
Why
$A robin is a more prototypical bird than a penguin.$
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Sample 4difficulty 3/5
$Overconfidence in cognitive psychology is the tendency to$
- A
  $Overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments$
  check_circle
- B
  $Underestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments$
- C
  $Avoid making decisions when outcomes feel uncertain$
- D
  $Match confidence precisely to the accuracy of one's knowledge$
Why
$Affects financial decisions, sports predictions, and exam estimates.$
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Sample 5difficulty 3/5
$A schema is$
- A
  $A systematic error in interpreting sensations$
- B
  $A pattern of electrical activity in the cortex$
- C
  $A mental framework for organizing information$
  check_circle
- D
  $An automatic response to a specific stimulus$
Why
$Schemas help interpret new info but can also distort memory.$
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